International Journal of Economic Social Science and Management LAW
FROM DIALOGUE TO DEADLOCK: EVALUATING THE FAILURE OF CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
India-Pakistan relations are currently locked in a strategic deadlock, characterized by deeprooted mistrust, ongoing disputes, and a lack of genuine political commitment to achieving meaningful progress or reconciliation. This complicated and predominantly adversarial relationship is shaped by a long history of intertwined political developments and pivotal historical events that continue to influence dynamics between the two nations. India and Pakistan’s relationship has been profoundly influenced by the violent legacy of the 1947 partition, the ongoing dispute over Jammu and Kashmir, and repeated military confrontations. While diplomatic relations were formally established shortly after independence, the deep scars of partition and conflicting territorial ambitions quickly undermined any prospects for stable ties. Since their separation, the two nations have fought three major wars and have been involved in frequent border clashes and military standoffs, with the Kashmir issue serving as the primary source of friction in the majority of these conflicts. In an effort to manage tensions and promote peace, both nations have periodically engaged in Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) aimed at fostering communication, reducing the risk of military escalation, and creating an environment conducive to dialogue. Despite these efforts, CBMs have largely failed to deliver lasting results. This paper examines the implementation, effectiveness, and eventual breakdown of Indo-Pak CBMs, with a specific focus on the underlying factors contributing to their ineffectiveness. Central to this analysis is the unresolved Kashmir dispute, which continues to serve as a major obstacle to trust and cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Study on Financial Technology Adoption in Banking at Kotak Mahindra Bank
The proliferation of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the banking landscape in India, compelling traditional banks to integrate Financial Technology (FinTech) solutions to enhance customer experience, operational efficiency, and competitive positioning. Kotak Mahindra Bank, recognised as one of India's pioneering digital-first private sector banks, has extensively deployed FinTech services including its flagship 811 zero-contact digital account, mobile banking application, UPI-integrated payment systems, digital lending platforms, and robo-advisory wealth management tools. This study investigates the extent of FinTech adoption among 150 Kotak Mahindra Bank customers across Hyderabad, examining the key determinants of adoption behaviour using a hybrid Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework. Primary data was collected through a structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Statistical analysis including descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis was employed to test seven research hypotheses. Findings reveal an overall FinTech adoption rate of 74.1%, with UPI Payments (96.4%) and Mobile Banking (91.8%) demonstrating highest penetration. Perceived Usefulness (r=0.712), Trust and Security (r=0.748), and Perceived Ease of Use (r=0.683) emerged as the strongest predictors of adoption behavioural intention. Security concerns, digital literacy gaps, and technical reliability issues were identified as primary adoption barriers. The study provides strategic implications for Kotak Mahindra Bank's digital transformation roadmap and policymakers formulating FinTech regulatory frameworks in India.
Maddyshetty Manideep1 , Kadaboina Manasa2 , Goundla Rajkumar3 , Kadamanchi Naveenya4 ,Peddamyathari Anil5 ,R. Swapna6
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A STUDY ON FUNDS FLOW STATEMENT AT HERO MOTOCORP LTD
Funds flow analysis is a vital financial diagnostic tool that reveals the movement of long-term financial resources within an enterprise over a specified accounting period. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the funds flow statement of Hero MotoCorp Ltd, India’s largest two-wheeler manufacturer, for the five-year period FY 2019–20 to FY 2023– 24. The study employs secondary data sourced from Hero MotoCorp’s audited annual reports and NSE/BSE disclosures. Funds flow statements were constructed and analyzed to track sources and applications of working capital, evaluate capital investment patterns, assess dividend and debt servicing policies, and examine long-term financial health. Key findings indicate that Hero MotoCorp consistently generates substantial funds from operations exceeding Rs. 5,600 crore in FY 2023–24, maintains disciplined capital expenditure aligned with product innovation cycles, and has progressively reduced long-term debt while sustaining high dividend payouts. The study provides actionable insights into how funds flow analysis can inform strategic financial decision-making in large manufacturing enterprises.
Chandhanagiri Rakesh¹, Akula Rushikesh2 , Gandamala Chloe3 , Jillella Ajay4 , Ms. A. Swathi5
Regulatory Challenges and Compliance in Cryptocurrency Online Trading at ICICI Bank
The rapid proliferation of cryptocurrency trading has introduced unprecedented regulatory and compliance challenges for banks operating in this space. ICICI Bank, one of India's leading private sector financial institutions, has faced increasing pressure to align its digital asset facilitation services with evolving regulatory mandates issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND), and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). This paper examines the regulatory framework governing cryptocurrency trading in India, the compliance challenges encountered by ICICI Bank, and the mechanisms employed to address AntiMoney Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) obligations. Primary data were gathered through structured interviews with banking compliance officers. Secondary data were sourced from RBI circulars, government notifications, academic journals, and annual reports (2021–2024). Findings indicate that fragmented regulation, inconsistent enforcement, and technology limitations remain the core compliance barriers. The study recommends establishment of a comprehensive crypto regulatory framework, adoption of blockchain analytics tools, and integration of real-time transaction monitoring systems to ensure compliant and efficient cryptocurrency banking operations.
Cryptocurrency regulation, ICICI Bank, AML compliance, KYC, RBI, blockchain, digital assets, financial crime, crypto trading, virtual digital assets.
Mohammed Masthan1 , Vantapati Durga Devi2 , Adla Sundeep3 , Md Salman4 , P. Amulya5
A Study on Cyber Security Risks in Digital Financial Transactions at HDFC Bank
The rapid digitisation of banking services has transformed the financial sector, enabling seamless and real-time transactions for millions of customers globally. HDFC Bank, one of India's leading private-sector banks, has aggressively adopted digital platforms including internet banking, mobile applications, unified payment interfaces (UPI), and net banking portals to serve its expansive customer base. While these innovations offer unprecedented convenience, they simultaneously introduce a spectrum of cyber security threats that endanger the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of financial data. This study investigates the nature, frequency, and impact of cyber security risks encountered in digital financial transactions at HDFC Bank. Using a mixed-methods research design, the study draws upon both primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 150 respondents— comprising bank employees and customers—and secondary data sourced from RBI annual reports, CERT-In advisories, and published literature. The analysis employs descriptive statistics, chisquare tests, and weighted average scoring to identify the most prevalent threats, assess organisational preparedness, and evaluate the adequacy of existing cyber security frameworks. Findings reveal that phishing attacks, account takeover fraud, SIM swapping, and malware-based intrusions are among the most frequently encountered threats. The study further highlights gaps in customer awareness and incident reporting mechanisms. Recommendations encompass multi-factor authentication reinforcement, AI-driven threat detection, regulatory compliance alignment, and proactive customer education programmes.
Cyber security, digital banking, HDFC Bank, phishing, financial fraud, UPI security, data breach, multi-factor authentication, internet banking, RBI guidelines.
Radha A1 , Dasari Santhosh2 , Kashinath Dhanore3 K.V. Chiranjeevi4
A STUDY ON UNIT LINKED INSURANCE PLANNING SYSTEM WITH REFERENCE TO KOTAK LIFE INSURANCE
Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs) represent a unique convergence of life insurance protection and market-linked investment, making them among the most versatile financial instruments available in the Indian insurance market. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the ULIP planning system with specific reference to Kotak Life Insurance, one of India's leading private life insurers. The study examines the structural architecture of ULIPs, fund allocation mechanisms, regulatory framework under IRDAI guidelines, cost structures including premium allocation charges, mortality charges, fund management fees, and the performance of Kotak's ULIP product portfolio across equity, debt, and balanced fund options. Primary data was gathered through structured questionnaires administered to 100 Kotak Life Insurance policyholders and financial advisors in Hyderabad. Secondary data was sourced from Kotak Life Insurance product brochures, IRDAI annual reports (2020–24), NAV history data, and academic literature. The study finds that ULIPs offer significant long-term wealth creation potential alongside life cover, but policyholder awareness of fund switching, premium redirection, and partial withdrawal facilities remains limited. The study recommends enhanced financial literacy initiatives, digital advisory tools, and transparent charge disclosure to improve ULIP adoption and retention
Chilumoju Gowtham Kumar1 , Challuri Sai Priya2 , Armoor Aparna3 , Pathakoti Poojitha4 Dr. Y. Azith5
Future Innovations in Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Management
The discipline of soil science is presently at a crucial stage, influenced by a combination of global challenges such as climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, rapid population growth, and the increasing demand for food and energy resources. These emerging concerns have expanded the significance of soil science in ensuring environmental sustainability and global food security. In recent years, remarkable advancements in technologies such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), nanotechnology, and digital soil mapping have transformed the study of soil properties and processes. These modern tools enable scientists to analyse soils from multiple perspectives with greater precision and efficiency. Furthermore, the integration of data science, artificial intelligence, and machine learning techniques has opened new opportunities for predictive soil mapping and advanced land-use planning. Such innovations support faster and more accurate decision-making in agriculture, ecosystem management, and natural resource conservation. Soil science is also increasingly adopting interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, emphasizing its strong connection with climate science, hydrology, microbiology, engineering, and computer science. This collaborative approach enhances the understanding of complex environmental interactions and promotes sustainable solutions for future challenges. At the same time, ecosystem management strategies are shifting towards comprehensive adaptation and mitigation measures aimed at restoring degraded lands and protecting fragile ecosystems. Global cooperation and scientific collaboration are becoming essential to address issues related to climate change, biomass degradation, and sustainable resource utilization. Alongside modern scientific advancements, equal importance is being given to the integration of traditional knowledge systems with contemporary research methods. The combination of indigenous practices and innovative technologies can contribute significantly to sustainable soil management and environmental conservation in the face of rapidly changing global conditions.
Ecosystem services, climate change, sustainable management, conservation agriculture, nanotechnology
AUTOMATED DIABETIC EYE DISEASE CLASSIFICATION USING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Diabetic eye diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and macular edema, are among the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential to prevent severe retinal damage and permanent vision loss. Traditional ophthalmological examination methods rely heavily on manual analysis of retinal images by medical experts, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and prone to diagnostic variability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an automated diabetic eye disease classification system using deep learning techniques. The proposed framework utilizes retinal fundus images and deep neural network models to automatically detect and classify diabetic eye diseases with high accuracy and efficiency. Image preprocessing techniques such as noise removal, contrast enhancement, normalization, and image resizing are applied to improve retinal image quality. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are employed for deep feature extraction and disease classification, enabling the system to identify abnormalities such as blood vessel damage, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and retinal swelling. The system is trained using labeled retinal image datasets containing multiple diabetic eye disease categories. Advanced deep learning architectures and transfer learning techniques are integrated to improve feature learning capability and classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves high accuracy, precision, recall, and faster prediction time compared to traditional machine learning approaches. The framework also supports automated screening and real-time diagnosis, reducing manual workload for ophthalmologists and improving accessibility to healthcare services in remote areas. The proposed automated classification system can assist healthcare professionals in early-stage diabetic eye disease detection, enabling timely treatment and reducing the risk of blindness. Furthermore, the integration of cloud-based monitoring and intelligent analytics enhances scalability and real-time healthcare support. Overall, the proposed deep learning-based framework provides an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective solution for diabetic eye disease diagnosis and classification.
Diabetic Eye Disease, Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Retinal Image Classification, Medical Image Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Fundus Image Analysis, Automated Diagnosis, Healthcare Analytics
THE SHIFT FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL CONTROL IN DYSTOPIAN NARRATIVES
Dystopian literature has traditionally examined systems of power through visible forms of oppression such as surveillance, state authority, and institutional violence. However, many dystopian narratives increasingly suggest that control becomes most effective when it is internalised by individuals themselves. This paper explores the shift from external coercion to internalised control in dystopian fiction, focusing on how fear, habit, and belief function as interconnected mechanisms of domination. The study argues that fear initiates obedience, habit normalises compliance, and belief transforms imposed structures into personal convictions, allowing power to operate with minimal external enforcement. Rather than treating dystopia as prediction, the paper positions it as a critical framework for examining enduring patterns of power, highlighting the genre’s continued relevance in encouraging reflection on subtle and often unnoticed forms of control.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A CATALYST FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION: A CASE STUDY OF MANDSAUR DISTRICT
This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a catalyst for financial inclusion in Mandsaur District during the period 2020–2026. The primary objective is to evaluate how AI-enabled financial technologies have improved access to formal banking services, digital transactions, and credit facilities among rural and semi-urban populations. The research specifically investigates whether AIdriven solutions such as automated credit scoring, chatbots, biometric authentication, and predictive analytics have reduced financial exclusion and enhanced financial literacy. A mixed-method research design was adopted using original primary data collected from 320 households across rural and urban areas of Mandsaur District. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure representation across income groups and demographic categories. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews with banking officials and fintech service providers, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression models, while qualitative data were examined using thematic analysis. The findings indicate a significant increase in banking penetration (from 52% in 2020 to 81% in 2026), digital transaction usage (from 18% to 67%), and AI-based credit approvals (from 4% to 38%). Statistical analysis reveals a positive and significant relationship between AI adoption and financial inclusion indicators. The study concludes that AI-driven financial services have substantially improved accessibility, affordability, and efficiency of financial systems in the district. Policy implications suggest the need for stronger digital infrastructure, AI literacy programs, regulatory support, and targeted outreach initiatives to ensure inclusive and sustainable financial development.
Artificial Intelligence, Financial Inclusion, Mandsaur, Digital Finance, Financial Literacy
DIGITAL PAYMENTS IN INDIA: GROWTH, TRANSFORMATION AND IMPACT
This paper explores the growth and changing role of digital payments in India and how they have transformed the country’s financial system over time. It discusses the journey from traditional electronic payment systems like NEFT, RTGS, and ECS to the increasing use of debit and credit cards, internet banking, mobile wallets, and the highly successful Unified Payments Interface (UPI). The study also highlights the impact of the 2016 demonetization, which encouraged millions of people to move from cash transactions to digital modes of payment.The paper further examines important government initiatives such as Digital India, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the BHIM app, GST, QR code-based payments, and Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). These measures have helped improve digital infrastructure, increase financial inclusion, and build public confidence in cashless transactions across both urban and rural areas. In addition, the study explains how digital payments have made financial transactions faster, easier, and more transparent. They have also created better opportunities for small businesses, improved access to banking and credit services, and supported the growth of the rural economy. By combining historical developments, government policies, and their social and economic impact, the paper shows how digital payments are contributing to the formalization of India’s economy and promoting inclusive economic growth. It also discusses the challenges and future possibilities in creating a secure and accessible digital payment system for all sections of society.
Digital Payments, Financial Inclusion, Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Cashless Economy, Digital India Initiative
Integrated Business Process Management for Enhancing Operational Excellence and Organizational Productivity
Integrated Business Process Management (IBPM) has become a business strategy of organizations confronted with practical objectives of better managing operational excellence and boost business productivity in a highly competitive and technology-intensive business world. The contemporary organizations are being challenged with the growing inefficiencies in their processes, disjointed communication, escalated cost of operation and inability to adapt promptly in response to the evolving market environment. Integrated Business Process Management is an organized means to harmonize business processes, information technology systems, roles of the employees, performance measurement processes in order to bring about sustainable performance betterments in their operation. The current project explores how Integrated Business Process Management can help in the achievement of better operational efficiency, minimization of delays in the processes, better coordination between the departments, and higher worker productivity. The analysis also indicates that standardization of the processes and integration of the technology also plays a key role in the excellence of the operation. The study concludes that the Integrated Business Process Management is an important organizational strategy that enhances long-term performance, competitiveness, and sustained organizational development.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital Supply Chain Management and Operational Efficiency in Industry 4.0 Environments
DSCM has become a revolutionary one in Industry 4.0 scenes whereby technology like incorporated into the supply chain activities. This paper discusses the role of digitalization in improving the efficiency of operations through increased transparency, responsiveness, coordination and networks. The study prominently indicates that when organizations apply digital practices in supply chains, operations are less delayed, there is a certain degree of inventory control and a high degree of high level of demand forecasting. The results show that Industry 4.0 technologies play a crucial role in optimizing business supply chain operations and form a competitive edge in business environments that evolve.
Digital Supply Chain, Industry 4.0, Operational Efficiency, IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Automation, Smart Logistics
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION VERSUS SOCIAL REALITY: A STUDY OF TRANSGENDER RIGHTS
The recognition of transgender rights has emerged as one of the most significant developments in contemporary constitutional jurisprudence. While constitutional frameworks across jurisdictions increasingly acknowledge the dignity, equality, and identity of transgender persons, the lived experiences of these communities often reveal a stark disconnect between legal protection and social reality. This paper critically examines this gap by analyzing constitutional provisions, landmark judicial decisions, and socio-legal conditions affecting transgender individuals. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, the study evaluates how constitutional guarantees translate into actual rights realization. The paper argues that while constitutional recognition is a necessary step, it is insufficient without structural reforms, social transformation, and effective implementation mechanisms.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF RESIDENTIAL INTERIOR DESIGNING SERVICES IN NAGPUR CITY
Business in cities residential interior designing business is fast evolving with the advent of the consumer awareness, rising disposable incomes and other aspirations on the luxurious living spaces which are easily approachable and conveniently utilized. This paper aims at determining and examining the factors that affect customer perception of residential interior designing services in Nagpur City. The perception of customers is critical in determining decision making, level of satisfaction and the level of using the service in this competitive sector. The study centers on the most significant design aesthetics, price and perception of value, service quality, expert knowledge, customization, integration of technology (including 3D visualization) with brand reputation and word-of-mouth communication. Furthermore, the socio-cultural aspects, changes in lifestyle and exposure to the social media can also be considered as the critical factors to bringing about the customer expectations and preferences. The research particularly will follow a descriptive research design that will be based on the secondary literature and insights available on the purchase decisions of the homeowners. Results have shown that the customers consider a balance of creativity, low costs, and reliability, as well as the promptness with which the project can be executed and an individual design solution can be provided. The paper further observes that the image of the customers is highly determined by the two factors; tangible (price, design quality, material used) and intangible (trust, communication, and brand image) factors. The study will also help in a better understanding of the consumer behavior in the residential interior design sector and will add valuable information on understanding consumer behavior that the interior designers and companies can use in playing a significant role in the quality of the services and customer satisfaction in the growing residential market location of Nagpur.
Customer Perception, Interior Design Services, Residential Interiors, Service Quality, Nagpur City, Consumer Behaviour.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF FARMERS THROUGH ORGANIC FARMING: A STUDY OF WARDHA DISTRICT
Organic farming has emerged as a method of sustainable farming that would be tapped to improve livelihood of the farmers. In the paper, it is going to be discussed how farmers in the Wardha district have changed, both economically and socially, with the emergence of the organic farming technique. The analysis rests on the dynamics of revenues, planting cost, availability of markets, and sustainability in general. It also assesses social aspects like health awareness, community involvement and modifications in the standards of living. The research design used in this paper is descriptive-analytic; the research data will consist of the primary sources (structured questionnaires and interviews carried out with the farmers). The government reports, and published literature are also regarded as secondary data. The results suggest that organic farming has led to low input costs, soil health, and social wellbeing, but there are still such issues as access to the market and certification. I can conclude that organic farming can be an effective strategy of the sustainable development of rural territories and empowerment of farmers.
Organic Farming; Socio-Economic Transformation; Farmers’ Income; Sustainable Agriculture; Rural Development; Cost of Cultivation; Livelihood Improvement; Soil Health; Market Access; Farmer Empowerment; Wardha district
Nikita Shivhari Rokde , Dr. Reeta V. Sontakay
THE IMPACT OF ESG ON CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
In recent years, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors have gained significant prominence in the business world, influencing corporate strategies and investment decisions. Companies are increasingly held accountable for their impact on the environment, society, and governance practices, leading to the widespread adoption of ESG criteria in corporate decision-making. This paper explores the relationship between ESG performance and corporate financial outcomes, examining whether companies that prioritize ESG initiatives outperform their counterparts financially. Through empirical analysis, the study assesses various financial metrics, including profitability, stock returns, and overall market valuation, in relation to ESG scores across multiple industries. The findings suggest a positive correlation between strong ESG performance and superior financial results, particularly in industries where sustainability is directly linked to long-term growth and risk management. However, the study also identifies that while the benefits of ESG are often seen in the long term, short-term profitability may incur additional costs. The paper concludes that, overall, companies with robust ESG practices tend to achieve better financial performance, reflecting the increasing importance of sustainability in modern business operations.
ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance), Corporate Financial Performance, Sustainability, Profitability, Stock Returns, Market Valuation, ESG Scores, Risk Management, Sustainable Investing, Corporate Governance, Long-term Growth, Business Ethics
THE DYNAMICS OF MODERN FINANCIAL MARKETS: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES
This paper explores the evolving landscape of modern financial markets, highlighting the dual nature of innovation-driven opportunities and emerging systemic risks. Technological advancements such as algorithmic trading, artificial intelligence, and blockchain have enhanced market efficiency, expanded access, and transformed investment strategies. Simultaneously, globalization has deepened market interconnectivity, increasing exposure to geopolitical and economic shocks. Regulatory reforms have sought to stabilize financial systems, yet the rise of decentralized finance and digital assets presents new oversight challenges. By examining these dynamics, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the risks and opportunities that define today’s financial environment, offering insights for investors, regulators, and policymakers navigating this complex ecosystem.
Financial Markets, Risk Management, Investment Opportunities, Algorithmic Trading, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology, Globalization, Systemic Risk, Regulatory Framework, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), Digital Assets, Market Volatility
The recognition of transgender rights has emerged as one of the most significant developments in contemporary constitutional jurisprudence. While constitutional frameworks across jurisdictions increasingly acknowledge the dignity, equality, and identity of transgender persons, the lived experiences of these communities often reveal a stark disconnect between legal protection and social reality. This paper critically examines this gap by analyzing constitutional provisions, landmark judicial decisions, and sociolegal conditions affecting transgender individuals. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, the study evaluates how constitutional guarantees translate into actual rights realization. The paper argues that while constitutional recognition is a necessary step, it is insufficient without structural reforms, social transformation, and effective implementation mechanisms.
transgender rights, constitutional law, equality, social reality, human rights, discrimination
योग और साइको-न्यूरो-इम्यूनोलॉजी: मन-मस्तिष्क-प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र का अंतर्संबंध
प्रस्तुत शोध-लेख का मूल उद्देश्य योग अभ्यास और मानव के मन, मस्तिष्क तथा प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र के मध्य विद्यमान गहन अंतर्संबंध का वैज्ञानिक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन करना है। आधुनिक विज्ञान यह स्वीकार करता है कि मनुष्य का स्वास्थ्य केवल शारीरिक संरचनाओं पर आधारित नहीं है, बल्कि उसकी मानसिक एवं भावनात्मक अवस्थाएँ भी जैविक प्रक्रियाओं को प्रभावित करती हैं। जब व्यक्ति तनाव, चिंता, क्रोध या अवसाद जैसी स्थितियों का अनुभव करता है, तब उसके मस्तिष्क में रासायनिक और हार्मोनल परिवर्तन होते हैं, जो प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र की कार्यप्रणाली को प्रभावित करते हैं। इस दृष्टि से मानसिक स्वास्थ्य और शारीरिक प्रतिरोधक क्षमता के बीच एक सशक्त संबंध विद्यमान है। इस शोध में यह स्पष्ट करने का प्रयास किया गया है कि योग का नियमित अभ्यास किस प्रकार मानसिक तनाव को नियंत्रित कर तंत्रिका तंत्र की संतुलित सक्रियता को बढ़ाता है। जब व्यक्ति योग, प्राणायाम और ध्यान जैसी प्रक्रियाओं का अभ्यास करता है, तब उसकी श्वसन गति संतुलित होती है, हृदय गति में स्थिरता आती है और मस्तिष्क की तरंगों में सामंजस्य स्थापित होता है। इस प्रकार उत्पन्न मानसिक शांति का प्रभाव तंत्रिका तंत्र के माध्यम से शरीर के विभिन्न अंगों और प्रणालियों तक पहुँचता है। तंत्रिका तंत्र और प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र के मध्य रासायनिक संकेतों का आदान-प्रदान होता है, जिसके कारण मानसिक संतुलन प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया को सुदृढ़ करने में सहायक बनता है। शोध में गहन साहित्य समीक्षा के माध्यम से विगत वर्षों में हुए वैज्ञानिक अध्ययनों का विश्लेषण किया गया, जिनमें यह पाया गया कि योग अभ्यास से तनाव *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-69f445da-8914-83e8-aaf7-be538d13f20e-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> उत्पन्न करने वाले हार्मोन का स्तर कम होता है तथा सूजन उत्पन्न करने वाले तत्वों की मात्रा में कमी आती है। साथ ही, प्रतिरक्षा कोशिकाओं की सक्रियता और संख्या में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन देखे गए। इस शोध में मानकीकृत नैतिक मानकों का उपयोग करते हुए प्रतिभागियों के मानसिक तनाव स्तर, हार्मोनल संतुलन और प्रतिरक्षा संकेतकों का परीक्षण किया गया। सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण के माध्यम से यह प्रमाणित किया गया कि योग अभ्यास समूह में महत्वपूर्ण सुधार हुआ, जबकि नियंत्रण समूह में अपेक्षाकृत कम परिवर्तन देखा गया। अंततः शोध निष्कर्ष यह संकेत देते हैं कि योग एक समग्र स्वास्थ्य पद्धति है, जो मन, मस्तिष्क और प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र के बीच संतुलन स्थापित करती है। यह मानसिक संतुलन प्रदान करने के साथ-साथ शरीर की प्रतिरोधक क्षमता को भी सुदृढ़ बनाती है। इस प्रकार योग को एक वैज्ञानिक रूप से समर्थित साधन के रूप में देखा जा सकता है, जो मनोवैज्ञानिक स्वास्थ्य और जैविक प्रतिरक्षा दोनों को एकीकृत कर मानव के समग्र स्वास्थ्य को उन्नत बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।
कृतिका ठाकुर, शोधार्थी डॉ. नरेश कुमार धानु
IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS ON MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: A STUDY OF WORKING PROFESSIONALS
Occupational stress has become a common issue in modern workplaces, basically affecting employees’ mental health and overall personality. This paper adopts a theoretical approach to examine the nature, sources, and consequences of workplace stress. This study examined the impact of occupational stress on psychological health, including anxiety, depression, and burnout among working professionals. This research highlights main stressors such as workload, role conflict, job insecurity, and lack of organizational support etc. The paper also explores helping as a mechanism and suggests strategies for stress management. The findings of the study indicate a strong relationship between occupational stress and decaying mental health, emphasizing the need for organizational to promote employee well-being and increasing productivity. The findings of study is supportive work environment and proactive strategies to manage stress effectively.
Occupational Stress, Mental Health, Well-being, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, Coping Strategies
माध्यमिक स्तर के विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि प्रेरणा एवं समस्या–समाधान क्षमता पर गेमीफाइड लर्निंग वातावरण के प्रभाव का सैद्धांतिक अध्ययन
वर्तमान शिक्षा प्रणाली में विद्यार्थियों की सक्रिय भागीदारी एवं अधिगम की गुणवत्ता को बढ़ाने के लिए नवाचारी शिक्षण विधियों की आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही है। गेमीफाइड लर्निंग वातावरण, जिसमें खेल के तत्व जैसे अंक, स्तर, बैज, प्रतिस्पर्धा एवं त्वरित फीडबैक को शिक्षा में समाहित किया जाता है, विद्यार्थियों की प्रेरणा एवं संज्ञानात्मक विकास को प्रभावित करता है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र का उद्देश्य माध्यमिक स्तर के विद्यार्थियों की उपलब्धि प्रेरणा एवं समस्या–समाधान क्षमता पर गेमीफाइड लर्निंग के प्रभाव का सैद्धांतिक विश्लेषण करना है।
मुंशी प्रेमचन्द हिन्दी एवं उर्दू के लेखक के रूप में पहचाने जाते हैं, उनका जन्म ३१ जूलाई १९८० में वारासणी के निकट लमही नामक गाँव में हुआ था। उनका जीवन काफी संघर्षमय रहा। उन्होंने कहानी एवं उपन्यास दोनों विद्याओं में साधिकार लिखा है। उन्होंने यथार्थवादी चित्रण ही पेश किया है। मुझे यहाँ प्रेमचन्द के समस्यामूलक उपन्यासों को ही उजागर करना है, इसीलिए सीधे ही इस विषय की ओर जा रहे हूँ और उनके महत्त्वपूर्ण उपन्यासों में कौन समस्याएँ हैं और कैसी समस्या को लेकर पूरा उपन्यास लिखा गया, इन्हीं बातों के साथ चर्चा होगी । साहित्य समाज का दर्पण है और साहित्यकार एक ऐसा प्रकाश पुंज है, जो भ्रान्ति- तिमिर को चीरकर स्पष्ट दिशा का निर्देश करता है। इस शताब्दी के आरम्भ में हिन्दी साहित्य को एक ऐसा साहित्यकार मिला जिसने शोषित और पाड़ितों के अन्तर में कुलबुलाती भावनाओं को वाणी दी तथा अपने साहित्य के माध्यम से सामाजिक कुरीतियों और शोषण के विरूद्ध एक ऐसा आन्दोलन छेड़ा जो आज भी हमारे समाज की सबसे बड़ी आवश्यकता है। वह साहित्यकार थे, कथा-सम्राट मुंर्श प्रेमचन्द । मुंशी प्रेमचन्द का साहित्य आज भी उतना ही सामयिक, प्रासंगिक तथा सटीक है, जितना उनके जीवन-काल में था, बल्कि ऐसा लगता है, वह आज भी हमारी राष्ट्रीय समस्याओं का एक सच्चा दर्पण है।
IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG WOMEN IN INDI
Domestic violence is a significant problem in India, affecting many women both physically and psychologically. Rooted in social, cultural, and economic factors, domestic violence manifests itself in various forms of abuse, including physical, emotional, verbal, economic, and sexual abuse. Social stigma attached to domestic violence creates a culture of silence and shame, making it difficult for women to seek help or report abuse. The Indian government has taken some steps to address domestic violence; including passing the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act in 2005, but implementation has been inconsistent. NGOs and civil society groups have also been working to raise awareness and provide support to women. Education and awareness-raising campaigns are crucial to changing cultural norms that perpetuate violence against women. Past studies have highlighted the extent and impact of domestic violence on women's physical and mental health and underscore the urgent need for effective interventions that address the root causes of domestic violence and provide support to women who experience abuse. The present paper elicits extent, causes, impact and interventions of domestic violence among women in India.
Domestic Violence on Women, Social Stigma, Cultural Factors, Economic Factors, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
A Study on Evaluating the Financial Performance at HDFC Bank
The financial performance of a bank is the cornerstone of its institutional stability, depositor confidence, and strategic growth capacity. HDFC Bank Limited, India’s largest private sector bank by market capitalisation, has sustained consistent financial outperformance over three decades through disciplined asset quality management, diversified revenue streams, and technology-driven operational efficiency. This study evaluates HDFC Bank’s financial performance over the fiveyear period FY 2019–20 to FY 2023–24 using key financial ratios including Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and Gross NonPerforming Asset (GNPA) ratio. Secondary data sourced from HDFC Bank annual reports, RBI publications, and NSE filings was analysed using trend analysis and ratio benchmarking against industry averages. Findings confirm HDFC Bank’s sustained financial strength: ROE averaged 16.8% across the study period, GNPA remained below 1.5% versus the industry average of 3.9%, and NIM consistently outperformed peers at 4.1–4.3%. The study identifies digital transformation investment and retail loan portfolio quality as primary performance drivers, while flagging mergerintegration complexity post-HDFC Ltd. merger (2023) as a near-term risk. Recommendations focus on capital efficiency optimisation, rural credit portfolio expansion, and ESG-linked financing growth.
Financial performance, HDFC Bank, return on assets, return on equity, net interest margin, capital adequacy ratio, nonperforming assets, banking sector India, ratio analysis, financial ratios.
Kuthala Sujitha¹, Sofiya Jabeen², Ramdas Gayathri³, Eerati Harika⁴, Dr. B. Narmada⁵
A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF BENEFITS IN EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN WIPRO
Employee retention is a critical organisational challenge in today's competitive business environment. Wipro Limited, one of India's foremost multinational information technology and consulting corporations, serves as an ideal context for examining how employee benefit programmes influence workforce retention outcomes. This study investigates the role of employee benefits—including health insurance, performance bonuses, flexible work arrangements, provident fund contributions, leave entitlements, and career development programmes—in shaping employee retention at Wipro. Using a descriptive research design, the study draws on primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 100 Wipro employees across departments, supplemented by secondary data from organisational reports and HR publications. Analysis employs percentage analysis, chi-square tests, and correlation techniques to assess the relationship between benefit satisfaction and retention intent. Findings reveal a strong positive correlation between comprehensive benefit packages and employee retention, with health and wellness benefits, work-life balance policies, and financial security provisions identified as the most influential determinants. The study recommends enhancement of personalised benefit offerings, transparent communication of benefit structures, and integration of flexible benefit schemes to strengthen retention outcomes at Wipro.
Kokkonda Rahul¹, Vegolapu Sri Likhitha², Vattipally Udaya Sri³,Thoudoju Bhoomika⁴, Boini Niharika⁵, Ms. O. Shalini⁶
A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN ORGANISATION
Employee engagement has emerged as one of the most critical determinants of organisational performance, workforce productivity, and sustainable competitive advantage in contemporary business environments. Engaged employees demonstrate higher levels of discretionary effort, stronger organisational commitment, reduced absenteeism, and significantly lower turnover intent compared to their disengaged counterparts. This study investigates the key factors influencing employee engagement in organisations, with particular focus on leadership quality, work environment, compensation equity, recognition practices, career development opportunities, and worklife balance provisions. Primary data was gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents across diverse industry sectors in Hyderabad, Telangana. Secondary data was sourced from Gallup State of the Global Workplace Reports (2022–2024), academic journals on organisational behaviour, SHRM publications, and industry engagement benchmark studies. The study employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and percentage analysis to identify dominant engagement drivers and their relative impact on employee motivation levels. Findings indicate that leadership quality, recognition and appreciation, and career growth opportunities are the three most influential engagement determinants, collectively accounting for 68% of explained engagement variance. Recommendations address practical interventions organisations can implement to systematically improve workforce engagement levels and associated business outcomes.
Chityala Vyshnavi1 , Gaddala Prathyusha2 , Bathula Bhagyashree3 , Saidigari Swarna4 , Thallapally Anjali5 , S. Ramya6
A STUDY ON SUBSCRIPTION-BASED INSURANCE MODELS
The insurance industry is undergoing a fundamental transformation driven by digital disruption, evolving consumer expectations, and the emergence of InsurTech platforms. Subscription-based insurance models represent a paradigm shift from traditional annual-premium, event-driven contracts toward flexible, recurring, and usage-aligned coverage structures. This study examines subscription-based insurance models, analyzing their design principles, pricing mechanisms, consumer adoption drivers, regulatory implications, and competitive positioning relative to conventional insurance products. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to 120 respondents comprising insurance policyholders, industry professionals, and InsurTech analysts. Secondary data was sourced from IRDAI annual reports, NITI Aayog insurance sector publications, academic journals, and global InsurTech research reports (2021–2024). The study evaluates subscription model performance across four insurance segments: health, life, motor, and micro-insurance. Key findings indicate that subscription models outperform traditional products on flexibility, affordability perception, and digital engagement, but face challenges in adverse selection, claims predictability, and regulatory compliance. Recommendations address pricing optimization, regulatory framework adaptation, and technology integration strategies for sustainable subscription insurance deployment in the Indian market
Subscription insurance, InsurTech, usage-based insurance, recurring premium, digital insurance, IRDAI, micro-insurance, adverse selection, insurance innovation, India insurance market
Kalikota Akash1 , Gurrala Vaishnavi2 , Riya Shinde3 , Pininti Yeshwanth Reddy4 , P S Sathivika5 , P.Amulya6
A Study on Analysis of Profitability Ratios at Muthoot Finance
Profitability ratio analysis is an essential instrument for evaluating the operational efficiency, return generation capacity, and long-term financial sustainability of non-banking financial companies (NBFCs). Muthoot Finance Limited, India’s largest gold loan NBFC with assets under management exceeding ₹7.1 lakh crore (FY 2023–24), occupies a unique position in India’s credit landscape by providing collateralised lending to underserved segments of the population. This study analyses Muthoot Finance’s profitability ratios over the five-year period FY 2019–20 to FY 2023–24, examining Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Earnings Per Share (EPS), and Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR). Secondary data sourced from Muthoot Finance annual reports, NSE filings, and CRISIL research was analysed through trend analysis and ratio benchmarking. Findings confirm Muthoot Finance’s consistent profitability despite gold price volatility, regulatory changes, and competitive intensity. ROE averaged 24.8% over the study period, Net Profit Margin sustained above 28%, and EPS grew at a five-year CAGR of 14.2%. Suggestions include portfolio diversification beyond gold loans, digital lending channel investment, and capital structure optimisation to sustain profitability across economic cycles.
Malyala Lavan Babu¹, Kathi Sruthi², Aitham Shiva Kiran³, Bommagari Vinay⁴, Ms. A. Jyothsna⁵
A STUDY ON RETURN & RISK MEASUREMENT W.R.T EQUITY STOCKS
The measurement of risk and return associated with equity stocks constitutes one of the most fundamental analytical frameworks in modern investment management and portfolio theory. Equity markets, characterised by their inherent price volatility, cyclical behaviour, and sensitivity tomacroeconomic variables, present investors with a spectrum of risk-adjusted return opportunities that demand rigorous quantitative assessment. This study examines the risk-return profile of selected equity stocks listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India, focusing on five blue-chip companies across diverse sectors over a five-year period from FY 2019–20 to FY 2023–24. Using standard deviation as a measure of total risk, beta coefficient to quantify systematic market risk, average return computation, and the Sharpe ratio forrisk-adjusted performance assessment, the study provides aequity investment opportunities. Secondary data sourced from NSE historical price archives and company annual reports was analysed through quantitative financial tools. Findings reveal significant inter-sectoral variation in riskreturn characteristics, with pharmaceutical and IT sector stocks delivering superior Sharpe ratios relative to capital-intensive manufacturing counterparts. The study offers actionable investment guidance for retail and institutional investors navigating India's equity market landscape.
risk measurement, return measurement, equity stocks, standard deviation, beta coefficient, Sharpe ratio, NSE India, portfolio analysis, systematic risk, investment management.
Inamputi Anil Kumar¹, SK Jameer², Sriramula Himaja³, Jangiti Latha⁴ K.V. Chiranjeevi⁵