Mitochondria in Aging and Disease: From Cellular Powerhouse to Pathological Trigger

Abstract

Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that play an essential role in cellular energy production and metabolic regulation. Traditionally recognized as the “powerhouses” of the cell, mitochondria are now known to participate in numerous biological processes including apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and regulation of cellular signalling pathways. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes significantly to the aging process and the development of several age-related diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. Aging is a complex biological process characterized by the progressive deterioration of physiological systems, resulting in impaired function and a higher risk of death. It is associated with structural and functional alterations in mitochondria, including mitochondrial DNA mutations, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, increased ROS production, and decreased mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. These alterations disrupt cellular homeostasis and accelerate tissue degeneration. This review summarizes current knowledge on mitochondrial structure and function, the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction during aging, and their involvement in age-related diseases. Additionally, potential therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving mitochondrial function are also discussed.