IOT-ENABLED BATTERY HEALTH AND THERMAL MONITORING FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIC MOBILITY

Abstract

The rapid expansion of electric mobility has increased the demand for reliable, safe, energyefficient, and sustainable battery management solutions capable of continuously observing the operational condition of electric vehicle energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries are widely adopted in electric vehicles because of their high energy density, relatively long cycle life, and favorable power-to-weight characteristics; however, their performance and safety are strongly influenced by temperature variations, charging behavior, discharge depth, cell imbalance, aging, environmental conditions, and dynamic driving loads. Conventional battery management systems primarily depend on locally measured electrical variables and predefined protection thresholds, which may not provide sufficient intelligence for early identification of degradation, abnormal thermal behavior, or long-term health deterioration. This paper proposes an Internet of Things-enabled battery health and thermal monitoring framework for sustainable electric mobility. The proposed methodology integrates distributed battery sensors, embedded monitoring units, edge computing, wireless communication, cloud-based data services, predictive analytics, Digital Twin-assisted battery representation, application programming interfaces, and intelligent alert mechanisms within a unified monitoring environment. Real-time parameters including battery voltage, current, surface temperature, ambient temperature, charging rate, discharge behavior, state of charge, estimated state of health, cell imbalance, energy consumption, and thermal anomalies are continuously collected and processed. Edgelevel preprocessing reduces communication overhead and enables rapid detection of critical conditions, while centralized analytics supports long-term battery degradation assessment and fleet-level sustainability analysis. The framework incorporates thermal monitoring principles to identify localized overheating and abnormal temperature gradients before they develop into severe safety conditions. IoT connectivity enables remote monitoring of individual vehicles and distributed electric mobility fleets, whereas API-driven integration supports communication among battery management systems, charging infrastructure, maintenance platforms, mobile applications, and cloud analytics services. A representative performance evaluation indicates that the proposed framework can improve battery health estimation, reduce anomaly detection latency, decrease excessive thermal exposure, support preventive maintenance, and improve energy utilization compared with conventional threshold-based battery monitoring. The study concludes that integrating IoT intelligence with battery health and thermal analytics provides a scalable foundation for safer, longer-lasting, and more sustainable electric mobility systems.